New funding rules for Defined Benefit pension schemes could land British industry with a bill of up to £34 billion, based on official estimates buried in one of a series of recently published Pensions Regulator consultation documents, according to pension consultants LCP.

Since the controversy over the under-funding of pension schemes such as Carillion and BHS, the Government has stated its intention to toughen up the DB funding regime, and the proposed new framework is now in its final stages, following the passage of the Pension Schemes Act 2021.

In July 2022 the DWP published a set of draft ‘funding and investment’ regulations for comment, whilst in December 2022, the Pensions Regulator (TPR) published a second consultation on its proposed ‘funding code’. Taken together, the final versions of these documents will set out the new funding regime, with the government intending the new rules to come into force in October of this year.

A central feature of the new rules is that pension schemes will have to be funded on a ‘low dependency’ basis by the time they are ‘significantly mature’. The exact definitions of both of these terms are still to be finalised, but the basic idea is that once pension schemes are mainly made up of pensioners they should be taking little investment risk, and should not expect to call on their sponsoring employer for additional funding. In addition, the proposed new law says that trustees should expect employers to pay down any deficits “as soon as reasonably affordable”.

A key challenge for firms who sponsor pension schemes is that their scheme may not currently be funded at this level and/or may not currently be planning to be funded at this level by the time they are mature. Given that the DWP regulations give no indication of a transitional period, employers could find themselves receiving demands from schemes for large sums, collectively running into tens of billions of pounds.

Prior to the publication of the TPR code consultation in December there had been no official estimate of the impact of these new rules. Indeed, in July 2022 DWP declined to provide such estimates in its own consultation document on the basis that the impact of the new regime would depend on TPR’s code. However, when TPR published several lengthy consultation documents in December they included in one an estimate that the cost to firms of the new rules could be up to £34 billion.

The estimate can be found in Table 20 and Appendix 5 of the TPR consultation “Fast Track and our regulatory approach” (see notes to editors for link). TPR has calculated the potential bill if all DB pension schemes which are currently funded below the proposed level were to ‘level up’ to the prescribed level, and assuming that none of the schemes which are currently funded above that level chose to ‘level down’. (Note that even if some schemes did choose to ‘level down’, this would not reduce the bill to sponsors of schemes which are currently funded below the proposed level).

There are some reasons why the £34 billion figure is likely to be an upper estimate of the potential cost:

• TPR’s estimates were based on market conditions as at March 2021, and scheme funding will have generally improved since that date;
• Some schemes may seek to adopt a ‘bespoke’ funding package, for example because their sponsor offers strong financial support or pledges so-called ‘contingent assets’ to stand behind the pension scheme, providing greater security and reducing the need for an immediate injection of cash.

Nonetheless, even if the final figure turns out to be lower than this, there can be little doubt that for some employers these new rules will represent a significant new or additional burden. Indeed, for some firms (we have previously estimated c200 – see notes to editors) it may be impossible to meet the new rules whilst remaining solvent – and this might mean cuts to member benefits as a result. Even for those firms who can meet these new obligations, the legal requirement to clear deficits ‘as soon as reasonably affordable could curtail other business activities in some cases such as paying dividends, improving wages of the current workforce or investing in the business.

Commenting, Michelle Wright, partner at consultants LCP, said: “The Government needs to be open about the potential impact of these new funding rules. The legal requirement to improve funding for schemes will apply at the first regular “valuation” of the scheme as soon as the new law is passed, which for some could be later this year. Employers could face demands from pension schemes collectively running into tens of billions of pounds over the following five years or so.
Whilst everyone wants to see company pension schemes properly funded, this needs to be done in a proportionate way, rather than imposing rigid new rules overnight. In many ways, these new proposals are responding to the funding problems of years ago, when today’s world of pension scheme funding looks completely different. There is still time for the Government to think again and give schemes and their employers time to adjust to the new funding regime. Without this, some businesses could find they simply cannot afford what they are being asked for and could be at risk of insolvency, which is an outcome in no-one’s interest.”

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Notes to editors:
The basis for the TPR estimates is set out in Appendix 5 of the consultation “Fast Track and our regulatory approach” - Fast Track and our regulatory approach: consultation document | The Pensions Regulator . Under ‘scenario 3’, all schemes below the relevant funding level ‘level up’ whilst no schemes above the relevant funding level ‘level down’. Table 20 shows that on this basis the combined deficit of schemes in deficit is £34 billion.

On 16th December 2022, the Pensions Regulator published four separate documents:

1. The Draft DB Funding Code of Practice (56 pages)
2. The DB Funding Code Consultation Document (44 pages)
3. Fast Track and our Regulatory Approach Consultation Document (41 pages)
4. A response to the first consultation on the DB Funding code (49 pages)

In all, the four documents amounted to around 190 pages of consultation, consultation response and analysis, including appendices.

LCP’s previous analysis of the proposals, prepared after the DWP regulations consultation was published, but before the TPR consultation appeared, can be found at: On point paper – Missing the target: How over-rigid pension scheme funding proposals could have unwelcome consequences